Saturday, October 26, 2024

A00111 - Abraham Heschel, Polish-born American Jewish Rabbi, Theologian and Philosopher

Heschel, Abraham Joshua - A00056

"Just to be is a blessing.  Just to live is holy.

"Our goal should be to live life in radical amazement ... get up in the morning and look at the world in a way that takes nothing for granted.  Everything is phenomenal; everything is incredible; never treat life casually.  To be spiritual is to be amazed."

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Abraham Joshua Heschel
Heschel in 1964
Personal
BornJanuary 11, 1907
Warsaw, Congress Poland
DiedDecember 23, 1972 (aged 65)
New York, New York, U.S.
ReligionJudaism
Spouse
Sylvia Straus
 
​
(m. 1946)​
ChildrenSusannah
DenominationOrthodox, Conservative
Alma mater
ProfessionTheologian, philosopher
Jewish leader
ProfessionTheologian, philosopher

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Abraham Joshua Heschel (born 1907, Warsaw, Pol., Russian Empire [now in Poland]—died Dec. 23, 1972, New York, N.Y., U.S.) was a Jewish theologian and philosopher, noted for his presentation of the prophetic and mystical aspects of Judaism and for his attempt to construct a modern philosophy of religion on the basis of the ancient and medieval Jewish tradition.


After a traditional Jewish education, Heschel went on to higher studies at the University of Berlin and the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums. He taught at the latter school, at the noted Jüdisches Lehrhaus at Frankfurt am Main, at the Institute of Jewish Studies in Warsaw after being deported from Nazi Germany (1938), at the Institute for Jewish Learning in London, and at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, before taking the chair of professor of Jewish ethics and mysticism at Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City (1945), a post he held until his death.


Heschel sought to evoke in 20th-century man the inner depth of devotion and spontaneous response that he discerned in traditional Jewish piety. He also emphasized social action as an expression of the ethical concern of the pious man and was at the forefront of protests and demonstrations in the 1960s and ’70s intended to secure equal rights for American blacks and to end the U.S. military intervention in Vietnam.


Although he came to the English-speaking world relatively late in life, he soon achieved a vivid and moving English prose style. Among his best-known works are The Earth Is the Lord’s (1950); Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion (1951); The Sabbath: Its Meaning to Modern Man (1951); Man’s Quest for God: Studies in Prayer and Symbolism (1954); God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (1956); and The Prophets (1962; originally published in German in 1936).

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Abraham Joshua Heschel (January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972) was a Polish-American rabbi and one of the leading Jewish theologians and Jewish philosophers of the 20th century. Heschel, a professor of Jewish mysticism at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, authored a number of widely read books on Jewish philosophy and was a leader in the civil rights movement.[1][2]

Biography

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Abraham Joshua Heschel was born in Warsaw in 1907, the youngest of six children of Moshe Mordechai Heschel and Reizel Perlow Heschel.[3] He was descended from preeminent European rabbis on both sides of his family.[4] His paternal great-great-grandfather and namesake was Rebbe Avraham Yehoshua Heshel of Apt in present-day Poland. His mother was also a descendant of Avraham Yehoshua Heshel and other Hasidic dynasties. His siblings were Sarah, Dvora Miriam, Esther Sima, Gittel, and Jacob. Their father Moshe died of influenza in 1916 when Abraham was nine. He was tutored by a Gerrer Hasid who introduced him to the thought of Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Kotzk.[5]

After a traditional yeshiva education and studying for Orthodox rabbinical ordination (semicha), Heschel pursued his doctorate at the University of Berlin and rabbinic ordination at the non-denominational Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums. There he studied under notable scholars including Hanoch Albeck, Ismar Elbogen, Julius Guttmann, Alexander Guttmann, and Leo Baeck. His mentor in Berlin was David Koigen.[6] Heschel later taught Talmud at the Hochschule. He joined a Yiddish poetry group, Jung Vilna, and in 1933, published a volume of Yiddish poems, Der Shem Hamefoyrosh: Mentsch, dedicated to his father.[4]

In late October 1938, while living in a rented room in the home of a Jewish family in Frankfurt, Heschel was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Poland in the Polenaktion. He spent ten months lecturing on Jewish philosophy and Torah at Warsaw's Institute for Jewish Studies.[4] Six weeks before the German invasion of Poland, Heschel fled Warsaw for London with the help of Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College, and Alexander Guttmann, an eventual colleague at the Hebrew Union College, who secretly re-wrote Heschel's ordination certificate to meet American visa requirements.[4]

Heschel's sister Esther was killed in a German bombing. His mother was murdered by the Nazis, and two other sisters, Gittel and Devorah, died in Nazi concentration camps. He never returned to Germany, Austria or Poland. He once wrote, "If I should go to Poland or Germany, every stone, every tree would remind me of contempt, hatred, murder, of children killed, of mothers burned alive, of human beings asphyxiated."[4]

Heschel arrived in New York City in March 1940.[4] He soon left for Cincinnati, serving on the faculty of Hebrew Union College (HUC), the main seminary of Reform Judaism, for five years. In 1946 he returned to New York, taking a position with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS), the main seminary of Conservative Judaism. He remained with JTS as professor of Jewish ethics and Mysticism until his death in 1972. At the time of his death, Heschel lived near JTS at 425 Riverside Drive in Manhattan.[7]

Heschel married Sylvia Straus, a concert pianist, on December 10, 1946, in Los Angeles. Their daughter, Susannah Heschel, became a Jewish scholar in her own right.[8]

Ideology

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Heschel (2nd from right) in the Selma Civil Rights march with Martin Luther King Jr. (4th from right). Heschel later wrote, "When I marched in Selma, my feet were praying."

Heschel explicated many facets of Jewish thought, including studies on medieval Jewish philosophy, Kabbalah, and Hasidic philosophy. According to some scholars[who?], he was more interested in spirituality than in critical text study; the latter was a specialty of many scholars at JTS. He was not given a graduate assistant for many years and he was mainly relegated to teach in the education school or the Rabbinical school, not in the academic graduate program. Heschel became friendly with his colleague Mordecai Kaplan. Though they differed in their approaches to Judaism, they had a very cordial relationship and visited each other's homes from time to time.

Heschel believed that the teachings of the Hebrew prophets were a clarion call for social action in the United States and inspired by this belief, he worked for African Americans' civil rights and spoke out against the Vietnam War.[9]

He also criticized what he specifically called "pan-halakhism", or an exclusive focus upon religiously compatible behavior to the neglect of the non-legalistic dimension of rabbinic tradition.[10]

Heschel is notable as a recent proponent of what one scholar calls the "Nachmanidean" school of Jewish thought - emphasizing the mutually dependent relationship between God and man - as opposed to the "Maimonidean" school in which God is independent and unchangeable.[11] In Heschel's language, the "Maimonidean" perspective is associated with Rabbi Yishmael and the "Nachmanidean" perspective with Rabbi Akiva; according to Heschel neither perspective should be adopted in isolation, but rather both are interwoven with the other.[12]

Heschel described kabbalah as an outgrowth of classical rabbinic sources which describe God's dependence on man to implement the divine plan for the world. This contrasts with scholars like Gershon Scholem who saw kabbalah as reflecting the influence of non-Jewish thought.[11] While Scholem's school focused on the metaphysics and history of kabbalistic thought, Heschel focused on kabbalistic descriptions of the human religious experience.[13] In recent years, a growing body of kabbalah scholarship has followed Heschel's emphasis on the mystical experience of kabbalah and on its continuity with earlier Jewish sources.[11]

Influence outside Judaism

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Heschel, left, presenting the Judaism and World Peace Award to Martin Luther King Jr., December 7, 1965

Heschel is a widely read Jewish theologian whose most influential works include Man Is Not Alone, God in Search of Man, The Sabbath, and The Prophets. At the Second Vatican Council, as a representative of American Jews, Heschel persuaded the Catholic Church to eliminate or modify passages in its liturgy which demeaned the Jews, or referred to an expected conversion of the Jews to Christianity. His theological works argued that religious experience is a fundamentally human impulse, not just a Jewish one. He believed that no religious community could claim a monopoly on religious truth.[14] For these and other reasons, Martin Luther King Jr. called Heschel "a truly great prophet."[15] Heschel actively participated in the Civil Rights movement, and was a participant in the third Selma to Montgomery march, accompanying Dr. King and John Lewis.[16]

Published works

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Man Is Not Alone (1951)

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Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion offers Heschel's views on how people can comprehend God. Judaism views God as being radically different from humans, so Heschel explores the ways that Judaism teaches that a person may have an encounter with the ineffable. A recurring theme in this work is the radical amazement that people feel when experiencing the presence of the Divine. Heschel then goes on to explore the problems of doubts and faith; what Judaism means by teaching that God is one; the essence of humanity and the problem of human needs; the definition of religion in general and of Judaism in particular; and human yearning for spirituality. He offers his views as to Judaism being a pattern for life.

The Sabbath (1951)

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The Sabbath: Its Meaning for Modern Man is a work on the nature and celebration of Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath. It is rooted in the thesis that Judaism is a religion of time, not space, and that the Sabbath symbolizes the sanctification of time. Heschel wrote that "Technical civilization is man's conquest of space. It is a triumph frequently achieved by sacrificing an essential ingredient of existence, namely, time." And that "To enhance our power in the world of space is our main objective" while warning that "We have often suffered from degradation by poverty, now we are threatened with degradation through power."[17]

God in Search of Man (1955)

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God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism is a companion volume to Man Is Not Alone. In this book Heschel discusses the nature of religious thought, how thought becomes faith, and how faith creates responses in the believer. He discusses ways that people can seek God's presence, and the radical amazement that we receive in return. He offers a criticism of nature worship; a study of humanity's metaphysical loneliness, and his view that we can consider God to be in search of humanity. The first section concludes with a study of Jews as a chosen people. Section two deals with the idea of revelation, and what it means for one to be a prophet. This section gives us his idea of revelation as an event, as opposed to a process. This relates to Israel's commitment to God. Section three discusses his views of how a Jew should understand the nature of Judaism as a religion. He discusses and rejects the idea that mere faith (without law) alone is enough, but then cautions against rabbis he sees as adding too many restrictions to Jewish law. He discusses the need to correlate ritual observance with spirituality and love, the importance of Kavanah (intention) when performing mitzvot. He engages in a discussion of religious behaviorism—when people strive for external compliance with the law, yet disregard the importance of inner devotion.

The Prophets (1962)

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This work started out as his PhD thesis in German, which he later expanded and translated into English. Originally published in a two-volume edition, this work studies the books of the Hebrew prophets. It covers their lives and the historical context that their missions were set in, summarizes their work, and discusses their psychological state. In it Heschel puts forward what would become a central idea in his theology: that the prophetic (and, ultimately, Jewish) view of God is best understood not as anthropomorphic (that God takes human form) but rather as anthropopathic—that God has human feelings.

In his book The Prophets, Abraham Joshua Heschel describes the unique aspect of the Jewish prophets as compared to other similar figures. Whereas other nations have soothsayers and diviners who attempt to discover the will of their gods, according to Heschel the Hebrew prophets are characterized by their experience of what he calls theotropism—God turning towards humanity. Heschel argues for the view of Hebrew prophets as receivers of the "Divine Pathos", of the wrath and sorrow of God over his nation that has forsaken him. In this view, prophets do not speak for God so much as they remind their audience of God's voice for the voiceless, the poor and oppressed.

He writes:

Prophecy is the voice that God has lent to the silent agony, a voice to the plundered poor, to the profane riches of the world. It is a form of living, a crossing point of God and man. God is raging in the prophet's words.[18]

Torah min HaShamayim (1962)

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Many consider Heschel's Torah min HaShamayim BeAspaklariya shel HaDorot, (Torah from Heaven in the mirror of the generations) to be his masterwork. The three volumes of this work are a study of classical rabbinic theology and aggadah, as opposed to halakha (Jewish law). It explores the views of the rabbis in the Mishnah, Talmud and Midrash about the nature of Torah, the revelation of God to mankind, prophecy, and the ways that Jews have used scriptural exegesis to expand and understand these core Jewish texts. In this work, Heschel views the 2nd century sages Rabbi Akiva and Ishmael ben Elisha as paradigms for the two dominant world-views in Jewish theology

Two Hebrew volumes were published during his lifetime by Soncino Press, and the third Hebrew volume was published posthumously by JTS Press in the 1990s. A new edition, including an expanded third volume, due to manuscripts which were found and edited by Dr. Dror Bondi, was published by Magid Press in 2021. An English translation of all three volumes, with notes, essays and appendices, was translated and edited by Rabbi Gordon Tucker, entitled Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations. In its own right it can be the subject of intense study and analysis, and provides insight into the relationship between God and Man beyond the world of Judaism and for all Monotheism.

Who is Man? (1965)

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Heschel discusses the nature and role of man. In these three lectures, originally delivered in somewhat different form as The Raymond Fred West Memorial Lectures at Stanford University in May 1963, Dr. Heschel inquires into the logic of being human: What is meant by being human? What are the grounds on which to justify a human being's claim to being human? In the author's words, “We have never been as openmouthed and inquisitive, never as astonished and embarrassed at our ignorance about man. We know what he makes, but we do not know what he is or what to expect of him. Is it not conceivable that our entire civilization is built upon a misinterpretation of man? Or that the tragedy of man is due to the fact that he is a being who has forgotten the question: Who is Man? The failure to identify himself, to know what is authentic human existence, leads him to assume a false identity, to pretend to be what he is unable to be or to not accepting what is at the very root of his being. Ignorance about man is not lack of knowledge, but false knowledge.”

Prophetic Inspiration After the Prophets (1966)

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Heschel wrote a series of articles, originally in Hebrew, on the existence of prophecy in Judaism after the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. These essays were translated into English and published as Prophetic Inspiration After the Prophets: Maimonides and Others by the American Judaica publisher Ktav.

The publisher of this book states, "The standard Jewish view is that prophecy ended with the ancient prophets, somewhere early in the Second Temple era. Heschel demonstrated that this view is not altogether accurate. Belief in the possibility of continued prophetic inspiration, and belief in its actual occurrence existed throughout much of the medieval period, and it even exists in modern times. Heschel's work on prophetic inspiration in the Middle Ages originally appeared in two long Hebrew articles. In them, he concentrated on the idea that prophetic inspiration was even possible in post-Talmudic times, and, indeed, it had taken place at various schools in various times, from the Geonim to Maimonides and beyond."

Awards and commemoration

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1970: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for Israel: An Echo of Eternity[19]

AJ Heschel School building at 30 West End Ave, NYC; the school's adjoining building at 20 West End is partly visible at right

Five schools have been named for Heschel, in Buenos Aires, Argentina the rabbinical School of the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano, the Upper West Side of New York City, Northridge, California, Agoura Hills, California, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 2009, a highway in Missouri was named "Dr. Abraham Joshua Heschel Highway" to subvert the plans of a Springfield, Missouri area Neo-Nazi group who cleaned the stretch of highway as part of an "Adopt-A-Highway" program. Heschel's daughter, Susannah, has objected to the adoption of her father's name in this context.[20]

Heschel's papers are held in the Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University.[21]

On 17 October 2022, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin inaugurated the Abraham J. Heschel Center for Catholic-Jewish Relations, attended by Catholic and Jewish figures, including Rabbi Abraham Skorka, Susannah Heschel, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa, and Archbishop Stanisław Budzik of Lublin. Pope Francis has welcomed the establishment of the Heschel Center.[22][23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Legacy of Abraham Joshua Heschel." Tikkun. Accessed May 25, 2014.
  2. ^ "A Rabbi of His Time, With a Charisma That Transcends It." The New York Times. Accessed May 25, 2014.
  3. ^ Robert D. McFadden (December 24, 1972). "Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Dead". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Abraham Joshua Heschel Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Abraham Joshua Heschel, Interpreters of Judaism in the Late Twentieth Century, edited by Steven T. Katz, p.132, B'nai B'rith Books, Washington D.C. 1993
  6. ^ Abraham Joshua Heschel: Prophetic Witness, Edward Kaplan
  7. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (December 24, 1972). "Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  8. ^ Interview with Susannah Heschel Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Dreier, Peter (January 17, 2015). "'Selma's' Missing Rabbi". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  10. ^ "Beyond the Letter of the Law". American Jewish University. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b c Reuven Kimelman, "Abraham Joshua Heschel's Theology of Judaism and the Rewriting of Jewish Intellectual History", Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 17(2), 207-238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/105369909X12506863090512
  12. ^ Heschel, The Prophets, 468
  13. ^ Moshe Idel, preface to Prophetic Inspiration after the Prophets, p. ix-x
  14. ^ Gillman, Neil (1993). Conservative Judaism: The New Century. Behrman House Inc. p. 163.
  15. ^ Heschel, Susannah. "Theological Affinities in the Writings of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Martin Luther King, Jr." The Rabbinical Assembly, 1998, PDF.
  16. ^ "Heschel Selected Photos". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  17. ^ Iain McGilchrist (2021). The Matter with Things. Perspectiva Publishing. p. 1333. ISBN 978-1-9145680-6-0.
  18. ^ The Prophets Ch. 1
  19. ^ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  20. ^ Cooper, Michael (June 23, 2009). "Daughter Against Use of Father's Name to Subvert Neo-Nazis". The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  21. ^ Duke to Acquire Papers of Rabbi Heschel, Influential Religious Leader, Duke University, August 2012
  22. ^ CNA. "Pope Francis welcomes opening of Jewish-Catholic center". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  23. ^ "Inauguration of the Heschel Center for Catholic-Jewish Relations - October 17". www.kul.pl. Retrieved October 27, 2022.

Further reading

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Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Dead

By Robert D. McFadden

Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Dead
Credit...The New York Times Archives
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Rabbi Abraham Joshua Hes chel, the Jewish theologian and author who became a personal and intellectual force of major proportions on the American religious scene, died early yes terday at his home here at 425 Riverside Drive. He was 65 years old.

Rabbi Heschel was Professor of Jewish Ethics and Mysticism at the Jewish Theological Sem inary of America in Manhattan, where he had been teaching for the last 27 years.

The author of more than a score of books, he formulated a Jewish theology directly re lated to the moral issues of today and was intensely con cerned with the problems of the ecumenical effort, with racism, the Vietnam war and the conflicts of the Middle East.

The scion of a distinguished Hasidic family in Poland, Rabbi Heschel came to the United States in 1940 and, through his teaching and writing over the years, became a compelling voice in American Judaism, go ing beyond the usual scholarly preoccupation with philosophy, history and Biblical exegesis to recover for Judaism the Bibli cal sense of man.

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Among all his works, the writings that may be considered his magnum opus was pub lished in two parts: “Man Is not Alone; A Philosophy of Re ligion,” in 1951, and “God in Search of Man; A Philosophy of Judaism,” in 1955.

Having compared Judaism to “a messenger who forgot the message,” and to “a well guarded secret surrounded by an impenetrable wall,” Rabbi Heschel developed what he called “depth theology” to re cover the message or breach the wall.

Central to his depth theology was his perception of God's concern with human affairs— “His willingness to become in timately involved in the his tory of man,” as he put it.

Rabbi Fritz A. Rothschild, who has written essays on Rabbi Heschel and an introduc tion to one of his books, ob served some years ago that “where Aristotle saw God as the unmoved mover, Professor Heschel sees Him as the most moved mover.”

Developed “Depth Theology”

In an essay in an anthology of Rabbi Heschel's writings, Rabbi Rothschild said that Rabbi Heschel “is the product of two different worlds.”

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“His life and work can per haps best be understood as an attempt to achieve a creative viable synthesis between the traditional piety and learning of Eastern European Jewry and the philosophy and scholarship of Western civilization,” he said.

Rabbi Heschel's theology was unique in style and content, not capable of being categorized, but most certainly a force in Judaic thinking and action.

He was, himself, a man as much of action as of words. One of the earliest opponents of American involvement in the Vietnam War, he was co‐chair man of Clergy Concerned About Vietnam and frequently spoke his mind in lectures and at rallies.

At a torchlight parade at Co lumbia University in 1966, he told a crowd: “This is not a political demonstration. It is a moral convocation, a display of concern for human rights.”

In 1967, he pledged to risk fine or imprisonment to assist those who resisted the military draft on the ground of con science.

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On another occasion, he told those who contended that the clergy had no business in for eign policy: “In a free society, all are involved in what some are doing. Some are guilty, all are responsible.”

In 1964, Rabbi Heschel risked incurring the wrath of his fel low Jews by going to the Vati can to meet with Pope Paul VI, with whom he discussed the need for a strong declaration on the Jews by Vatican Council II. The council ultimately passed a resolution denying Jewish guilt in the Crucifixion.

His ecumenical endeavors won national recognition in 1965, when he became the first rabbi ever appointed to the fac ulty of the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in New York. In 12 weeks of classes in Jewish philosophy and theology, he drew more students than any previous visiting professor in the school's history.

A slight man—he was 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighed 150 pounds—with a full gray beard and gray hair, he had the some what stern appearance of a prophet of ancient Israel in modern dress. He spoke in a strong bass voice with a vigor and an eloquence that also sug gested an Old Testament prophet.

Standing before a class, he was by turns a scholar who could elucidate fine points of the Talmud, a philosopher who could compare the metaphysics of Hegel and Kant and a Hasid, who could evoke the mystery of God's concern for man in tales and parables.

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The sense of prophetic spirit uality was embodied, too, in his writings, with his phrases ris ing and falling with the cadence of prose poems.

Will Herberg, in a review in The New York Times of Rabbi Heschel's 1966 book, “The In security of Freedom,” said:

“Typically, he writes in a reflective, aphoristic manner that carries the reader along from pensde to pensee, deepen ing the thought, expanding its implications, evocatively, allu sively, without ever permitting the firm armature of argument to obtrude itself.

Rabbi Heschel's leadership among Jewish philosophers and teachers rested heavily on his reputation for solid scholarship, but it was the sense of a man who grew personally with his times that endeared him to many of his admirers.

The 1967 war between Israel and her Arab neighbors, for example, profoundly changed his attitude toward Israel and himself. “I had not known how deeply Jewish I was,” he said in an interview upon the pub lication of his “Israel: An Echo of Eternity” in 1969.

“Suddenly,” he said, “we sense the link between the Jews of this generation and the people of the time of the prophets.”

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Israel, he thus contended, is the beginning of the fulfillment of the Biblical prophecies, the realization of the “stream of dreaming, the sacred river flow ing in the Jewish souls of all ages.”

The man who was to capture the meaning of himself and his people so lucidly was born in Warsaw in 1907, the son of Rabbi Moshe Mordecai and Reisel Perlow Heschel. He grew up in a family atmosphere of piety and love of learning in the Orthodox ghetto, where he absorbed the zealous Hasidic passion for the Torah.

While still a teen‐ager, he produced a book of Yiddish poems. His first book, pub lished in Warsaw in 1933, was a collection of Yiddish poems.

He obtained his doctorate in philosophy in 1933 from the University of Berlin and spent the next five years in Germany, teaching and writing.

Three major studies, written in German, established him as an important Jewish scholar: “Maimonides: Eine Biographis,” published in Berlin in 1935; “Die Prophetie,” published in. Cracow, Poland, in 1936, and “Don Jizchak, Abravanel,” pub lished in Berlin in 1937.

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Wrote Voluminously

In 1938, Rabbi Heschel fled Nazi Germany, returning to Warsaw to teach at the Insti tute of Judaistic Studies, but with the invasion of Poland he went to London, where he founded the Institute for Jew ish Learning in 1940.

Later that year, he moved to the United States and joined the faculty of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati as an as sociate professor of philosophy and rabbinics. Five years later, he joined the faculty of the Jewish Theological Seminary here.

Over the years, in addition to an arduous schedule of lec turing as a visiting professor at numerous schools, he wrote voluminously.

Among his scholarly books on Jewish history, philosophy and mysticism are “The Proph ets,” 1962, and “Theology of Ancient Judaism” in two vol umes published in 1962 and 1965.

His other books include “Sab bath: Its Meaning for Modern Man,” 1951; “Man's Quest for God; Studies in Prayer and Symbolism,” 1954, and “Who Is Man?” 1965.

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Reinhold Niebuhr assessing Rabbi Heschel, described him as “an authoritative voice not only in the Jewish community but in the religious life of Amer ica.”

Marched in Alabama

In his lectures and writings, Rabbi Heschel urged his audi ences not to forget the plight of Jews in the Soviet Union, and he denounced racism as “man's gravest threat to man— the maximum hatred for a minimum of reason.”

The alternative to interfaith understanding, he warned, is “internihilism.”

In his view, the silent man is an accessory to injustic:e. It was this view that prompt ad him to march with the r ay. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on Selma, Ala., in 1965; to join mass antiwar demonstrations in the nation's capital in 1967 and, in 1968, to join 28 other clergymen in accusing the United States of war crimes in Vietnam.

In 1946, a year after he be came a naturalized American citizen, he married Sylvia Straus, a concert pianist. She and their daughter, Susannah, survive.

A funeral service will be held at 1:45 P.M. today at Park West Memorial Chapel, 115 West 79th Street. After the service there will be a procession from the funeral home to 79th Street and Central Park West. The in terment will be at Beth David Cemetery in Elmont, L. I.

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